Unit 1 How can we become good friends?
课文知识点
1.by doing sth.表示通过某种方式、方法或手段，此时by短语用作状语。
注：“by+n.(前无冠词)”也可用来表示方式或手段，尤其用于表示运输或取道的方式。
eg:①By working hard I made great progress this term.
②May I pay by bank card?
注：by的其他用法
by+地名“靠近；在……旁边”表示位置。
by+交通工具“乘坐”表示使用的交通方式。
by+时间“在……之前，不迟于”表示时间
by+the+身体部位或其他表示物体的名词，表示抓住身体或某物的一个部位。
区别：in,by,with
⑴in表示用语言材料、语调、颜色、笔墨等。
⑵by表示用某种方式、方法、手段或使用某种交通工具。
⑶with表示用某种具体、有形的工具或以某物填充、覆盖等。
练习：
( )1.—How do you learn English so well?
—______ chatting with my uncle in America online.
A.For B.by C.In D.With
( )2.—How do you improve your English?
—______ listening to tapes.
A.With B.About C.By D.I’m
( )3.You can improve your English _____ practicing more.
A.by B.with C.of D.in
( )4.—_____ did you get the news about the terrible accident?
—By searching the news on the Internet.
A.Why B.Where C.When D.How
( )5.The man makes a living ______ teaching.
A.without B.with C.by D.for
2.What about(doing)sth.=How about(doing)sth.“……怎么样？”用于征求对方的意见、看法或建议，后跟名词、代词或动名词。
练习：
( )1.—_______ playing football now?
—Sorry,I have quite a lot of homework to do.
A.Why not B.What about C.Why don’t you D.Shall we
( )2.—_____ studying with a group?
—Good idea.
A.Would you like B.Why not C.Why don’t you D.What about
( )3.What about ______ the Pingpong club.
A.to join B.to take part in C.joining D.join
3.aloud adv.“出声地，大声地”的用法
eg:She read the story aloud to the children.
区别：aloud,loudly,loud
⑴aloud adv.“出声地，大声地”指为了让人听见而出声，常与read,call,cry等连用，没有“喧闹”之意。
⑵loudly adv.“高声地”多含有“嘈杂、喧闹”之意，有时也含有有目的地提高音量，以便让人听到之意，常修饰shout,knock等。
⑶loud adj. “响亮的，大声的” adv. “响亮地，大声地，高声地”指说话声或笑声响亮而不吵闹，常用于动词speak,talk,sing,laugh等。
练习：
( )1.—You should not speak so _______ .They’re doing their homework now.
—Sorry,I won’t do that again.
A.loud B.aloud C.noisy D.louder
( )2.______ !We have only three minutes left.
A.Slowly B.Hardly C.Quickly D.Loudly
( )3.—Talking ______ in a library is impolite.
—In fact,we should also take care not to cough or sneeze loudly in public.
A.loudly B.quickly C.clear D.quiet
4.it作形式主语、形式宾语的用法
当不定式短语或从句作主语或宾语时，通常用it作形式主语、形式宾语，而把真正的主语、宾语放在后面。
eg:It’s too hard to understand spoken English.
练习：
( )1.Trying singing some English songs,and you’ll find it interesting _____ a foreign language.
A.learning B.learns C.learn D.to learn
( )2.I found _____ very difficult to learn maths well.
A.what B.it C.that D.this
( )3.______ is wrong to copy other students’ homework.
A.This B.That C.It D.There
( )4.______ seems that Jane knows the bad news.
A.That B.This C.It D.She
( )5.I find _____ hard to learn English well.
A.this B.it C.that D.they
( )6.I find _____ exciting to talk with the old man.
A.that B.this C.it D.these
( )7.It’s very convenient _____ us to buy train tickets now because we can buy them either from the station or on the Internet.
A.to B.of C.by D.for
5.too...to...句型可与so...that(否定)...或not...enough to do句型互换。
eg:The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.=The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.
练习：
1.He is too young to look after himself.=He is _____ young _____ he can’t look after himself.=He isn’t ____ _____ _____ look after himself.
( )2.The film “Kung Fu Panda”is ______ interesting _____ I would like to see it again.
A.too;to B.so;that C.such;that D.enough;to
( )3.Mrs.Wang was so ______ that she couldn’t stop ______ .
A.excited;cry B.excited;crying C.exciting;crying D.exciting;to cry
6.have to情态动词“必须，不得不”的用法
have to后跟动词原形，强调由于客观原因而使主语必须做某事。
另外，must“必须”，强调主观上必须做某事。
eg:It’s getting dark.I have to go home now.
练习：
( )1.—I can’t stop smoking,doctor.
—For your health,I am afraid you _______ .
A.may B.can C.have to D.need
( )2.It’s getting late.I _____ go home.
A.must B.have to C.must have to D.need
( )3.—Dad,must we wait until the light becomes green?
—Yes,I’m afraid we ______ .That’s the traffic rules.
A.can B.may C.have to D.need
7.“The+比较句，the+比较句.”句型，意为"越……，越……"。
eg:①The harder you study,the better grades you will get.
②The more he gets,the more he wants.
③The more she learns,the more she wants to learn.
练习：
( )1.The more you smile,the ______ you’ll feel.
A.happy B.happier C.happily D.more happily
( )2.—The doctor told me not to eat too much,but I find it difficult.
—The doctor is right._____ you eat,______ you will be.
A.The less;the healthier B.The less;the more healthier
C.The more;the healthier D.The more;the more healthier
Section B
1.疑问词+to do：当从句主语与其逻辑主语一致时，可用疑问词+to do结构。在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语。
eg:①I don't know what to do.(=I don’t know what I should do.)
②How to use the computer is a question.(=How I should use the computer is a question.)
练习：
( )1.Boys and girls,attention,please.Now let me tell you _____ to the Bird Island.
A.how to get B.what to get C.whom to get D.where to get
( )2. –I don’t know how to _______ the word “phenomenon”. Can you help me, John?
--No problem.
A. pronounce B. tell C. talk D. speak
2.mistaken.[C]“错误，过失”vt.“错认，误认”“误解，弄错”
短语：
make a mistake犯错误
by mistake错误地，由于疏忽做错了
mistake...for...把……错当成……
区别：mistake,wrong,fault
⑴mistake指日常生活中判断或看法的错误。
⑵wrong指坏事、冤屈、不道德、犯罪等。
⑶fault强调过失、责任或性格上的弱点。
练习：
( )1.Tom was so careless that he often ______ the exam.
A.make mistake of B.makes mistakes in C.made mistakes in D.made mistakes of
( )2.She put some salt in her cup of tea ______ ,so she had to pour herself another cup.
A.by accident B.by mistake C.on purpose D.in common
3.动词不定式作后置定语
动词不定式作后置定语时，与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时。若动词不定式为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需有相应的介词。
eg:①I have a pen to write with.
②Zhengzhou is a good place to live in.
练习：
( )1.We don’t have enough paper ______ .
A.to write B.write C.to write on D.writing
( )2.I’m _____ to face my English teacher because I don’t do well in my homework.
A.happy B.interested C.afraid D.excited
( )3.I don’t have a partner to practice English ______ .
A.for B.to C.with D./
( )4.A young man is practicing _____ English with Mr.Smith on the train.
A.to speak B.to say C.to speak D.speaking
( )5.I did a survey about the best ways _____ more new words.
A.to learn B.of learn C.learn D.learning
( )6.Mary has ______ friends to play games ______ .
A.no;with B.no;in C.not;with D.no;on
( )7.As students,our duty is ______ hard.
A.study B.to studying C.to study D.studied
4.depend vi.“依靠；依赖；取决于；指望”(+on/upon..+for sth.)
⑴depend on/upon+sb./sth.
eg:①Whether we’ll go camping depends on the weather.
②We depend on the radio for news.
⑵depend on/upon+sb./sth.+to do/doing
eg:①We can depend on her to deal with the situation.
②Can we depend on your coming in on Sunday?
⑶depend on/upon+从句
eg:Our success depends on whether everyone works hard or not.
练习：
( )1.I’m not sure whether I can hold a party in the open air,because it _____ the weather.
A.stands for B.depends on C.lives on D.agrees with
( )2.—Do you think ______ Xiao Ming can pass the high school entrance exam or not?
—Sorry,I have no idea.
A.that B.which C.when D.whether
( )3.Whether or not you can do this well _____ your learning habits.
A.takes on B.depends on C.moves on D.gets on
( )4.Good grades ______ how hard you have studied your subjects.
A.depend on B.work on C.decide on D.spend on
( )5.Don’t be in a hurry to say what you think about this.First _____ the facts.
A.look up B.think about C.depend on D.find out
( )6.—Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow?
—Well,it all _____ the weather.
A.belongs to B.happens to C.depends on D.concentrates on
5.even if(=though)“即使，尽管”引导让步状语从句。
eg:I’ll come even if it rains.
练习：
( )1.We can get there on time _____ the car doesn’t break down.
A.while B.as long as C.so that D.even if
( )2.Don’t be discouraged(泄气的) ______ you have fallen behind others.
A.whether B.as if C.even if D.however
( )3._____ I have a lot of homework to do every night,I still spend half an hour watching TV.
A.If B.Because C.After D.Even though
( )4._____ I didn’t understand the words,I knew what he wanted.
A.Because B.Unless C.Even though D.If
( )5.—This kind of dress is out of style.
—I think it still looks nice _____ it’s not popular this year.
A.until B.even though C.because D.so that
6.unless“除非，如果不”(=if...not)引导条件状语从句。
eg:The child never cries unless hungry.
7.在主将从现原则中，从句可用一般现在时或现在完成时表示(具体的)将来。(主将从现原则具体内容：在时间或条件状语从句中，如果主句为将来时或表示将来时含义的句子(如：祈使句、情态句等)，那么从句常用一般现在时或现在完成时表示将来。)(注：从句用现在完成时表示从句动作结束时，主句动作才会发生。)
eg:We will have a picnic if it is fine tomorrow.
练习：
( )1.You won’t feel happy at school _______ you get on well with your classmates.
A.though B.when C.unless D.,because
( )2.I’ll start early,_______ it may be dark.
A.if B.whether C.though D.unless
( )3.We shouldn’t do that dangerous experiment ______ the teacher is with us.
A.as long as B.if C.unless D.while
( )4.I won’t pass the exam _____ I work hard.
A.whenever B.because C.if D.unless
( )5.—We can’t be successful ______ we keep working hard.
—I agree with you.
A.if B.unless C.because D.when
( )6.Grace is going to give much money to charity,_____ she’s not rich enough.
A.if B.unless C.since D.though
( )7.Do you think he will pass the exam if he _______ hard?
A.working B.will work C.works D.worked
( )8.—We’ll visit the Summer Palace _____ there is a heavy rain tomorrow.
—OK!Boating on the lake must be great fun.
A.unless B.since C.as soon as D.if
( )9.—May I go to Lvcheng Park with you next Sunday?
—No,you can’t,______ you have a ticket.I have only one ticket.
A.if B.until C.unless D.as soon as
7.enough adj.“足够的，充足的”adv.“足够地，充足地”n.“足够，充足”的用法
⑴作形容词时，修饰名词放在前。
eg:We have enough time to learn this lesson.
⑵作副词时，修饰形容词、副词放在后。
eg:He is old enough to go to school.
注:can not/never可与enough或too连用，意为“越……越好；无论……都不过分”
eg:You can't be careful enough.=You can't be too careful.
句型：
(be adj.)/adv.+enough(for sb.)(to do)
eg:The book is easy enough for me to read.
注：enough不能与no连用。作形容词时不可被very修饰，但可被quite修饰。
eg:①We have quite enough time.
②I don’t have enough money.
练习：
1.改为同义句My son is too young to join the army.
My son isn’t ______ _______ to join the army.
( )2.She’s not strong enough ______ walking up mountains.
A.to go B.going C.go D.went
( )3.This idea isn’t ______ .Let’s think about a funnier one.
A.enough useful B.enough bad C.awful enough D.interesting enough
( )4.He is ______ to move this heavy desk to the next room.
A.enough strong B.too strong C.so strong D.strong enough
( )5.He doesn’t do his homework _______ ,though he has ________ .
A.carefully enough;enough time B.carefully enough;time enough
C.enough carefully;enough time D.enough carefully;enough
( )6.—What do think of the potatoes?
—Well,it’s ______ .
A.thin enough B.enough thin C.thinner enough D.enough thinner
( )7.I don’t think teenagers should be allowed to drive,because they are _______ .
A.not enough serious B.not serious enough C.too serious D.to serious
Self Check
1.stress out“紧张，过度劳累”动词短语，形容压力大。
eg:Take it easy.Don’t stress out.
注：stressed out adj.“压力大的，紧张的”
eg:Make sure he is not stressed out.
2.have a test“参加测试，进行实验”
eg:We’re going to have a test in June.
3.on one’s own“独自地；独立地”
eg:①He can be left to work on his own.
②I’m well able to manage on my own.
4.over and over again“反复地；一再”
eg:He practiced his idea over and over again.
5.till/until的用法
一般情况下，till/until可以通用。till/until用于肯定句时，主句须和持续性动词连用，意为“直到……为止”。till/until用于否定句时，须和瞬间性动词连用，意为“不到……不；直到……才”。
eg:①We’ll wait for you until you come back.
②I didn’t go to bed until my father got home.
练习：
( )1.We didn’t start our discussion ________ everybody arrived.
A.since B.if C.while D.until
( )2. Usually, we don’t know how important something is ____ we lose it.
A. or B.until C. as soon as D.though
( )3.Bob promises to join in the football match ______ he has to help his parents on the farm.
A. if B. as C. unless D. when
( )4.Peter likes reading a newspaper ________ he is having breakfast.
A. until B. while C. because D. though
重点难点全解：
1.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
二者都表示过去。但现在完成时强调与现在的联系，而一般过去时只强调过去的事实，与其它时间无关。
练习：
( )1.My brother left school in 2005,and since then he ______ in Beijing.
A.lives B.lived C.will live D.has lived
( )2.My life _____ a lot in the last few years.
A.change B.changed C.has changed D.have changed
( )3. -- Have you ever been to Shanghai, Mary?
-- Yes. I _______ there for three days with my parents last month.
A. have gone B. have been C. went D. was
( )4. I ________ a mistake. Please don’t be angry with me.
A. make B. made C. will make D. had made
( )5.---Have you read this book? ---Yes. I ____ it two weeks ago.
A. am reading B. have read C. will read D.read
易错易混全解：
㈠because,since,as,for的区别
⑴because,as,since为从属原因连词，而for为并列原因连词。
⑵because“因为”，语气最强，多用于给出直接的、听者未知的原因，常常位于句尾，成为信息的焦点。既能回答why的提问，也能用于强调句型中，还可用于搭配not...but...或与强调词just,only,merely及与否定词not连用；只有在表示强调时才位于主句之前。
eg:①—Why didn’t you phone me last night?昨天晚上你为什么没有给我打电话？
—Because I didn’t want to disturb you.因为我不想打扰你。
②I didn’t want it because it’s too big.我不要它，因为它太大了。
③I did it because he told me to do it.我做这件事因为是他吩咐的。
⑶as“由于”，语气较弱，主从句所表达的内容同等重要，二者之间存在有因果关系。重在陈述或解释为什么一种特殊情况的存在或某人为什么做某事。有时as含有“既然”的意思(=since)。
eg:①As he’s a qualified doctor,I trust his advice on medical matters.由于他是一位合格的医生，所以我信任他在医疗事情上的建议。
②As I had a cold,I didn’t attend the meeting.由于我感冒了，我没去参加会议。
③As we had no money,we couldn’t buy anything to eat.由于我们没有钱，我们不可能买任何吃的东西。
④We all like her as she is kind.我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。
⑤As/Since you’re not feeling well,you may stay at home.既然你感觉不舒服，你可以呆在家里。
⑷since(=now that)“既然”，主要用于口语，语气更弱，表示微弱的原因，或是就对方陈述的事实作为理由。重在给出一个原由。主从句因果关系不明显。常位于句首。
eg:①Since we have come,let’s stay and enjoy it.既来之，则安之。
②Since everybody knows about it,I don’t want to talk any more.既然大家都了解了这个事，我就不想再说什么了。
③Since you don’t want to go,we won’t force you to.既然你不想去，我们就不勉强你了。
⑸for“因为”，语气最弱，表示对某一事实进行推断的或附加说明的理由，是对已发生情况的补充说明。一般不位于句首。
eg:①He can’t have gone,for the light is still on.他不可能走了，因为灯还在亮着呢。
②It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.昨晚准是下过雨，因为地面是湿的。
③He must be ill,for he is absent today.他一定病了，因为他今天缺席了。
练习：
( )1.The teacher speaks very loudly______ all the students can hear her.
A. so that B. because C. since D. when
( )2.Scientists say it may be a few years ____ it is possible to test the new medicine on patients．
A. because B. after C.before D. since
( )3.Peter likes reading a newspaper ________ he is having breakfast.
A. until B. while C. because D. though
( )4.— May I go to the concert with you?
— I’m afraid not ____ you have a ticket, because I have only one.
A. since B. if C. unless D. though
( )5. A tourist will easily lose his way in Beijing _________ he has a map or a guide.
A. if B. because C. unless D. when
㈡instead,instead of
⑴instead adv.“代替；取而代之的是”表示前面的事情没做，而是做了后面的事。一般位于句首或句尾，但不能位于祈使句的前面，也不能位于句中。另外，前面的句子一般用否定形式，instead所在的句子一般是肯定形式。
eg:If you can’t go,let me go instead.
⑵instead of prep.后接名词、代词、动名词、介词短语或副词等。具有否定意义，其后是没有做到事情。
eg:I have to finish my work instead of going out.
练习：
( )1.Tom and Jack often talk loudly after class ________ .
A.instead of quiet B.instead of keeping quiet C.keeping quiet instead D.to keep quiet instead
( )2.It’s raining hard.____ ,I still want to go there.
A.Then B.However C.Besides D.Instead
