Unit 4
一、知识点
1. if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句 即 虚拟语气
通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态
所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气,虚拟语气表示说话人所说的
话不是事实,而是一种祝愿,建议或是与事实相反的假设等。
If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句,非真实条件
句应用虚拟语气。如果要表示与现在或将来事实相反时,其虚拟语气结构为:
句 型
条件从句
主 句
谓语动词形式
动词过去式(be动词一律用were)
would+动词原形
即:(从句)if +主语+动词过去式(be 动词用were), 一般过去时
(主句) 主语+would+动词原形 过去将来时
如:If I had time, I would go for a walk.
如果我有时间,我就会去散步。(事实上我现在没有时间)
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你的话,我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不是你)
I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie.
假如有人请我当电影演员,我会表示拒绝。(事实上瑞没有人请我当电影演员)
2. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now.
pretend to be doing sth. 假装正在干某事
The students pretended to be writing when the teacher came in.
pretend +从句 假装… I pretended that I fell asleep.
3. be late for 迟到 如:
I am late for work/ school/ class/ party.
4. a few 与 a little 的区别,few 与 little 的区别
⑴ a few 一些 修饰可数名词
a little 一些 修饰不可数名词 两者表肯定意义
如:He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。
There is a little sugar in the bottle. 在瓶子里有一些糖。
⑵ few 少数的 修饰可数名词
little 少数的 修饰不可数名词 但两者表否定意义
如:He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。
There is little sugar in the bottle.在瓶子里没有多少糖。
5. hundred, thousand , million, billion (十亿)词前面有数词或several
一词时要不能加s ,反之,则要加s 并与of 连用, 表示数量很
多 如:several hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion people
几百/千/百万/十亿人 hundreds of trees 上百棵树
8. what if + 从句 如果…怎么办 , 要是… 又怎么样 如:
What if she doesn’t come? 要是她不来怎么办?
What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办?
9. add sth. to sth. 添加…到…
如: I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。
10. 系动词与形容词连用 get nervous 变得紧张
feel shy 觉得害羞 look friendly 看起来友好
11. too +形/副+to do sth. 太…而不能 如:
I’m too tired to stand. 我太累了而不能站。
12. help with sth. 如:They help with this problem.
help sb. do. 如:They help you relax. 他们帮助你放松
13. in public 在公共场所 如:
Don’t smoke in public. 请不要在公共场所吸烟。
14. energetic adj. 活力的 如:She is a energetic girl. 她是一个活力的女孩。
energy n. 活力 如:She has lots of energies. 她有活力。
15. ask sb. to do 叫…做某事
ask sb. not to do sth.叫…不要做某事
tell sb. to do 告诉…做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉…不要做某事
如:Teacher asked me to clean the classroom.
Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom.
16. start doing == start to do. 开始做某事 如:
He started speaking/ to speak. 他开始说话。
17. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借来某物 如:
I borrowed a book from Lily. 我从莉莉那里借来一本书。
18.wait for sb.等某人 如:I am wait for him. 我正在等他。
19. introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 如:
I introduced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。
20. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事 如:
Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。
21. have dinner/ supper 吃晚饭
have lunch/ breakfast 吃午餐、吃早餐
22. plenty of 修饰不可数名词,也可以修饰可数名词 许多 如:
They have plenty of food/ apples. 他们有许多的食物/苹果。
23. 给某人某物 give sth. to sb. 如: give an apple to me
give sb. sth. give me an apple 给我一个苹果
24. get along (with)=get> If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:学习不用功)
②表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句谓语动词形式 | 主句谓语动词形式 |
Had+过去分词 | Should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 |
从句 | 例句 | 主句 |
①were If+主语 ② did ③were to do (①通常与一个表示时间状语连用)其 中were to do可能性最小, should+动词原形。 | If it rained tomorrow our picnic would be put off. 假如那天下雨,我们的郊游就推迟。 | 主句+should/would /might /could+动词原形 |
(条件)从句谓语动词形式 | 主句谓语动词形式 |
谓语动词用过去式(be用were) | should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
eg If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.
如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
③表示对将来情况的主观推测(可能相反或可能性很小)
eg: If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.
如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了,(事实:不知能否下雪)
If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事得始末。
四、虚拟语气的其他用法
1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句
a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式
eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你)
b、表示过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+v-ed
eg: I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道)
c、表示将来难以实现的愿望
谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形
eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)
②虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中。
在这种用法中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动
词原形”或只用“动词原形”。
如 He suggested
He insisted
He demand that we (should) take the teacher’s advice
He ordered